Chemistry Open Book Paper Essays - Spectroscopy,

Chemistry Open Book Paper Atomic spectroscopy is a chemical analysis technique and it is used to identify what elements are in a compound. It uses the idea of a photon being absorbed or emitted whenever an electron changes from one energy level to another. The diagram below shows sodium salt being sprinkled onto a flame and yellow light being emitted. Emission spectra are produced by thin gases in which the atoms do not experience many collisions (because of the low density). The emission of yellow light occurs because the electrons of the sodium salt have been promoted to a higher electronic energy state but have then fallen back down and emitted the energy as an electromagnetic wave, in the wavelength corresponding to yellow which is ? 600 nm. The more intense that the yellow band is the more abundant the sodium salt present. The diagram (left) shows an atomic excitation caused by the absorption of a photon and an atomic de-excitation caused by emission of a photon. In each case the wavelength of the emitted or absorbed light is exactly such that the photon carries the energy difference between the two orbits. This energy may be calculated by multiplying the Plank constant by the wavelength of the light. Thus, an atom can absorb or emit only certain discrete wavelengths (or equivalently, frequencies or energies). This diagram shows white light being shone through sodium vapour and the resulting spectra on a board. An absorption spectrum occurs when light passes through a cold, dilute gas and atoms in the gas absorb at characteristic frequencies; since the re-emitted light is unlikely to be emitted in the same direction as the absorbed photon, this gives rise to dark lines (absence of light) in the spectrum. Absorption spectroscopy can only be carried on a substance in solution or gaseous form. The presence of the dark band shows that the sodium vapour had absorbed the light in the yellow region. Sodium salt has absorbed energy but it is not re-emitted or just not re-emitted efficiently and so the wavelength of the light increases, leaving the observed dark band where yellow was expected. The Sun appears yellow because that is the main wavelength the sun emits radiation at. This is shown in a graphically below. For each hot object there is a corresponding colours. Those stars with colours of lower wavelengths are lower in temperatures. For example something that appears red has a temperature of ? 3000 K. But something blue has a temperature of ? 10000 K. So finding the predominant colour of the sun then its temperature could be determined. The Suns spectrum resembles that of something around 5000 K. By studying the emission spectra captured on the photographic film for dark bands , the composition can be found. Because interstellar clouds have a temperature of between 10-50 K, radiation emitted has much shorter wavelengths, so different techniques to the ones above have to be used. The wavelengths are in fact in the order of 0.001 m so the can be picked up by radio telescopes on earth. Here is a picture of one below. A neutral hydrogen atom (H I) consists of 1 proton and 1 electron. The proton and electron spin like tops with their spin axes either parallel or anti-parallel. When hydrogen atoms switch from the parallel to the anti-parallel configuration they emit radio waves with a wavelength of 21 centimetres and a corresponding frequency of exactly 1420 MHz. This is called the 21-centimetre line. Thus, radio telescopes tuned to this frequency can be used to map the great clouds of neutral hydrogen found in interstellar space. Radio telescopes identify which elements are present and how abundant they are and then the conditions are replicated here on earth. But this requires keeping the elements in gaseous form at low temperatures (as low as 7 K) without condensing. This requires using CRESU apparatus .It takes advantage of the flow properties of gaseous expansions from convergent-divergent Laval nozzles into low-pressure environments, producing a flow of gas, which is uniform in temperature, density and velocity, and carries on for hundreds of millimetres and hundreds of microseconds after leaving the nozzle exit. Frequent collisions occur during the controlled expansion within the nozzle .The expansion is slow enough to maintain thermal equilibrium, but rapid enough that condensation is avoided. A uniform,

Information Systems Failure essays

Information Systems Failure essays There are many factors that can influence the failure of certain Information Systems. Failures of these systems are often overlooked since they rarely occur. When there is failure, it is often devastating to a companys infrastructure. One of the main reasons why these systems fail are because of possible factors involving the following areas of the system which deal with the degree of change, quality of project planning, use of project management tools, use of formal quality assurance processes, use of computer-aided software engineering tools, or object-oriented systems development. The following articles explain why they can possibly fail. Firstly, the rapid development of the Internet has heightened security concerns. In the more recent years, more and more embedded systems are connecting to company intranets or to the Internet. Such network connections can greatly enhance an embedded systems usefulness and capacity. Unfortunately, they also increase the system's vulnerability to attack by leaving an open door for potentially harmful programs to enter. Embedded systems with network conditions find use in a growing range of applications. Examples of embedded systems include: Industrial-control systems use networks of embedded control nodes for applications such as chemical processing, electrical-power distribution, and factory automation. Entertainment systems, such as set-top boxes and game consoles, use the Internet for downloading new menus, features, and games. Home-control systems are using both the Internet and their own intranet to manage heating, lighting, and security for residences. Even household appliances are connecting to networks to add features and automate maintenance A common characteristic of all these applications is that the embedded system uses the network for receiving instructions, control parameters, and new programs. This leaves them vulnerable to possible att ...

Hip-hop scholarly notes Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hip-hop scholarly notes - Case Study Example ssay I will try to find out if sexism has anything to do with hip hop at all, analyze what things hip hop artists tend to accentuate in their lyrics and, finally, touch upon the issues of responsibility of hip hop artists for what they do. There is no doubt that sexism, which is typically more of a discrimination against women, is degrading. Unfortunately, there is ample evidence that sexist ideas are being exploited by hip hop artists to a certain extent. The harsh truth is that hip hop is mainly focused on sexist ideas because it sells well. And this, in turn, involves another issue, namely, the things that mainstream culture tolerates and things it rejects. The question is whether disruptive content is a problem of hip hop per se or simply a part of a highly commercialized music industry that is willing to accept things that may demean women, for instance (Rose 122). On the other hand, one may assume that honest narrative of hip hop lyrics, which may turn to sexist motifs from time to time, is actually about freedom of expression that allows reflecting a real state of things within our society. In fact, hip hop relies heavily on sexism as one of its topics. Yet at the same time, it might as well help young people f ocus on the problem and realize how to deal with it in reality. According to Rose, it is much easier to fight sexist ideas in hip hop than tackling sexist culture as a whole (150). In order to solve a problem one needs to identify it first, and hip hop serves this educative function pretty well. Obviously, hip hop is rather a consequence than a source of the problem here. Hip hop is, probably, the only popular music genre where autobiographical nature of lyrics prevails and is valued for (137). In their lyrics hip hop artists try to touch upon things they have been through themselves; in fact, hip hop is often perceived as an opportunity to speak up about the aspects of urban life that other music genres traditionally pay little attention to or none

Rebuttal Argument about Amusing Ourselves to Death by Neil Postman Essay

Rebuttal Argument about Amusing Ourselves to Death by Neil Postman - Essay Example These biases are unseen, but they program the human mind to respond in specific ways towards experiences in the world. Orate cultures formed the foremost presentation techniques in the globe. Antique philosophers capitalized on this technique in their presentation. Socrates was a major philosopher who used this communication technique in his diverse encounters. For instance, he used this technique for his court proceedings after his arrest (Postman, 1985). During the antique times, oral presentations were regarded more credible than the ones in writing. Audiences would invest much belief to orally presented ideas than the written ones. This was an evident trend in the antique legal institutions. The court of law during these times would majorly capitalize on the orally presented evidence. They would also adopt laws presented orally. Therefore, oral presentation of laws was the main and recommended technique communication in courts. Jurors would exclusively receive training and evidence with the oral nature (Schubert, 2005). Orate presentations were paramount techniques of communication, since they h ad outstanding merits. For instance, they propagate a firsthand encounter of information or evidence. According to Postman, rhetoric techniques in oral presentations deprived the credibility and truthfulness of the presentation (Postman, 1985). However, some rhetorical techniques are majorly instrumental to the presentation of truth. Thus, Postman’s implication is invalid in this case. Rhetoric techniques reinforce emphasis that substantiates truth. Therefore, some rhetoric features like questions are paramount to emphasize truth. It is not necessarily that the rhetoric features hinder truth. Print techniques were subsequently enhanced after orate techniques (Schubert, 2005). During the era of their inception, the levels of literacy had taken an elevating trend in society. Research institutions were taking

Effects of the 8th Amendment on American Law Essay Example for Free

Effects of the 8th Amendment on American Law Essay The Eighth Amendment Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.Ever since the Eighth Amendment was ratified by the states in 1791, it has been a key part of our Constitution. The Eighth Amendment has protected our people from many things, including an overly high bail or unnatural punishments. It has ensured that in civil matters, as well as criminal cases, the people of America are protected from an overly high bail and cruel and unusual punishments. The Eighth Amendment has stirred up many controversies with its many paths of interpretation, in that the U.S. amendments are written down on paper but sometimes not properly enforced. The 8th amendment is the one I favor least and is to be examined during this assignment. I take the double-minded position on the subject of the 8th Amendment of for and against this amendment. Is the Death Penalty an Effective Punishment? In my opinion yes, with at least one important respect, it simply cannot be argued that a killer, once executed, can ever kill again. The crime must fit the punishment in order to justify, and this punishment must not favor anyone on the foundation of color. If this were the case I would without a doubt totally agree with this amendment, however, Studies show that there are racial biases when the death penalty is carried out. Since the resumption of executions in the early 1980s, 40 percent of those executed have been black. And more often than not blacks were more often executed than were whites without having their conviction reviewed by any higher court. The race of the victim and the defendant inevitably influences the decision to seek a death sentence. University of Iowa law professor David Baldus conducted an exhaustive criminal sentencing study in Georgia in the 1980s. He found that prosecutors sought the death penalty for 70% of black defendants with white victims, but only 15% of black defendants with black victims. Similar patterns of racial bias are found across the country. Over half of those on death row are people of color. Black men alone make up over 42% of all death row prisoners, though they account for only 6% of people living in the U.S. Nationwide, cases involving a white victim and a defendant of color are most likely to result in a death sentence. The Baldus study found that six out of ten defendants sentenced to death in Georgia for  killing a white person would not have received a death sentence had their victim been black. A case involving a white person was over four times more likely to result in a death sentence than was a comparable black victim case. In Maryland the state with one of the highest percentages of African Americans on death row a death sentence is eight times more likely in a white victim case than a black victim case, according to a 1987 Public Defenders Office study. Nearly half of those executed since 1976 have been people of color, with blacks alone accounting for 35%. All told, 82% have been put to death for the murder of a white person. Only 1.8% was whites who had been convicted of killing people of African, Asian, or Latin descent. Meanwhile, people of color are the victims in more than half of all homicides. Since 1930, one in two persons executed was black. Ultimately I must stand on the side of opposition with this Amendment on the basis of bias and suggest a moratorium until a clear version of this amendment is established with clear mandatory sentences regardless of the victim or the defendants ethnicity and does what it initially intended to do which is protect The American citizen without breaking other amendments in the process. Criminal court procedures are at an all time slow and speedy trials are a thing of the past. The government spending and income policies need to be modified to modern times. Also the treason penalty should be more heinous in the new world.ins an important part of our government. Works Cited Shortall, Joseph M.; Merrill, Denise W. Education Information Resource Center City: Publisher N/A, 1987. McCLESKEY v. KEMP- 481 U.S. 27 [Ty caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase. caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=usvol=481invol=279www.law.uiowa.edu/faculty/david-baldus.php

Essay --

This paper with address the major themes, which run throughout The Holy Bible. There are too many themes throughout the Bible to list so this author will address only three major themes that are see in God’s Holy Word. The first theme is Jesus; the beginning and the end, the Alpha and Omega. Colossians 1:17 from the New Living Translation says it best: He existed before anything else, and he holds all creation together. Christ is also the head of the church, which is His body. He is the beginning, supreme over all who rise from the dead. So He is first in everything. For God in all His fullness was pleased to live in Christ, and through Him God reconciled everything to himself. He made peace with everything in heaven and on earth by means of Christ’s blood on the cross. The second theme that is seen in the Bible is love. The Bible says in 1 John 4:8 that God is Love; But anyone who does not love does not know God, for God is love. We see this in the greatest commandment. The last theme, which is clearly seen in nearly every book of the Bible, is the theme of salvation and/or redemption. God the Father is not only seen saving those who call on His name from certain death in the Old Testament, but also in the New Testament. In theology redemption and salvation are one in the same. â€Å"Theology is the deliverance from the power and penalty of sin; redemption† (Dictionarry.com, 2013). Jesus The first theme is Jesus. We see the prophecies of Jesus’ first and second coming in the Old Testament and then we see in the New Testament the life and teachings of the Son of God. â€Å"Then he said, ‘When I was with you before, I told you that everything written about me in the Law of Moses and the prophets and in the Psalms must be fulfilled’† (Luke ... ...st through the reading of God’s Word start to understand out to look through the lens of God for our lives and others. This shows us we are in need of a relationship and not a religion. The Bible teaches us and shows us we need not to get cleaned up to come to Jesus, but come to Jesus and the Cross to get cleaned up. His arms are always wide open. C.S. Lewis once said, â€Å"The Christian does not think God will love us because we are good, but that God will make us good because He loves us† (Patheos.com, 2013). â€Å"‘This is basically what C.S. Lewis was saying. God made us good only through the atoning work of Calvary. We became righteous because of His love that was most vividly displayed on the cross as John wrote, ‘In this is love, not that we loved God but that he loved us and sent his Son to be the atoning sacrifice for our sins’† (1 John 4:10) (Patheos.com, 2013).

Evaluate the effectiveness of speech, language and communicate Essay

Explain each of the terms: speech, language, communication, speech , language and communication needs. Speech , language and communication are closely tied to other areas of development, this learning outcome requires you to understand and be able to explain links between speech and development and the likely impact of any difficulties that children may have in acquiring speech, communication and language. Some children may not be able to understand the words being spoken to them and/or the grammatical rules of sentence construction. Therefore, when their teacher tells the class what they need to do, or explains a new idea or concept,9 they may struggle to understand what is being said. Having inappropriate vocabulary is essential for the learning process, however learning vocabulary has been identified as one of the most significant difficulties for some children with SLCN,10 11 leading to much of their teacher’s talk being inaccessible. The ability and confidence to ask questions is a vital skill for provoking and shaping new thinking.12 The Primary Strategy recognizes the importance of language for thinking and encourages paired talk and discussion among pupils as a way to enhance learning.13 This is hugely difficult for children with SLCN, so vital learning and opportunities to talk with peers can be missed. They may struggle with developing an age appropriate vocabulary, formulating sentences, using the right words in the right order and with following grammatical rule to understand or make it clear to others what has happened in space and time. Communication Communication is about the way that people send signals to one another. Communication can be seen as an umbrella term because it encompasses both language and speech and also includes facial expression, gesture and body  language. Language Language is something very specific, it is a set of symbols-spoken, written or signed- that can be used and understood between people. Language can be quite abstract and we often forget this. a child has to learn that when the sounds of c-a-t are made, the speaker is referring to a cat even if there is not one in the room. Linguistsd also suggest that the main feature of language is a series of rules that users have to understand and use, but once mastered allow a user to convey anything they wish. At first children cannot use the rules. Toddlers begin by just pointing at objects and saying one word, but after a while they learn how to construct sentences. Speech Speech is essentially vocalized language. It is usually learnt before the written form of the language, in speech, the symbols are not written of signed, but spoken as sounds. The number of sounds that children need to master will depend on the language that they are bing exposed. English has over 40 different sounds or phonemes. Listening Listening is about being able to hear and more importantly understand the speech of others. It is sometimes referred to as ‘receptive speech.’ Babies begin the journey of learning to speak by gaining some ‘receptive speech’ and learning what specific words and phrases mean. Speech, language and communication needs This term is used to refer to any difficulty that a child has in any of the three areas; for example a child might have difficulty in producing certain sounds and so have a difficulty with speech, while a child who does not make eye contact or enjoy being with others may have a more global communication needs. 1.2  Explain how speech, language and communication skills support each of the following areas in children’s development. Learning, emotional, behavior, social. Being able to communicate and, better still, being able to use and understand speech- opens doors in terms of children’s overall development. Learning There are many debates as to what is ‘learning’ but for our purpose we will limit this to children’s overall cognition. The term condition covers a multitude of different tasks, but is mainly about out ability to process and use information that we have gained. For example, A child might see that leaves are falling off tress and get told that this is because it is autumn. The child might then see more leaves falling off a tree. She may remember and make a connection between what she saw earlier on and what she is seeing now. The work autumn may also remember and so she might point and say proudly to the adult with her. ‘ Look those leaves are falling too! Is that because its autumn?’ Later on in that day while having tea, she may tell her mother that in the park leaves are falling off the trees because it is autumn. This example illustrates the way in which for learning to take place, the child has to remember what they have seen earlier, make connections to what they are now seeing or hearing and then come to some conclusion. The ability of the child to ‘label’ it as autumn will help her enormously and she is likely from this point on to notice falling leaves and make the association  over and over again. She can also talk and think about ‘ autumn’ without needing to be in the park. At this point we can begin to understand the limitations of body language, facial expression and gesture when language is not available. Although they allow for instant communication they cannot help a child to understand what is being seen or provide a way in which afterwards the child can communicate what she has seen. This means that children who only have the basic communication skills of body language, gesture and facial expression find it difficult to communicate concepts Emotional development Being able to control your own emotional is a major part of emotional development. Babies and toddlers struggle with his, but as language develops they find it easier because they can express their needs. Tantrums and other outbursts linked to frustration, jealousy or anger tent to diminish as children find ways of talking through how they are feeling. This is one reason why it is thought good practice to ‘name’ emotions when working with young children, so that they begin to understand what they are feeling and have ways of expressing it other than through physical reactions alone. Behavior Being able to manage your own behavior is about self-control. Young children are very impulsive and find it hard to control their behavior but, once language is mastered, children’s behavior changes. It would seem that the acquisition of language helps children to think things over. They focus more on the consequences of their actions and they also internally begin to remind themselves of what they need to do or what they should not do. Interestingly, the start of this process can be observed when a toddler goes up to something that they have been told not to touch, points to it and says ‘no’. Social development Emotional development is linked to being able to control your own emotions and social development builds on this, as it is about being able to recognize emotions in others and learning to adjust your behavior accordingly. It also about understands what the social codes are in any situation and behaving appropriately. This means that good communication and language skills are important. Children need to read the faces and body language of others and respond appropriately. Because play is the main medium of socialization with other children, language skills also become important from around the age of 3 years, as children tent to use speech to talk about what they are doing or, as they get older. Describe the potential impact of speech, language and communication difficulties on the overall development of a child, both currently and in the longer term. Young people with speech, language and communication needs have poor conversational kills, poor non-verbal skills and poor social perception, all of which can hinder their ability to form friendships with their peers and may lead to them becoming marginalized. Those who become isolated in this way often experience anxiety and depression, which can affect their mental health. These problems can become exacerbated with age if they remain unidentified and untreated, and are likely to result in poorer outcomes for the individuals concerned. Speech, language and communication difficulties can erode self-esteem and affect educational achievement, social integration and general behavior. In addition, they increase the probability of offending behavior and early disengagement from school (children with these problems are much less likely to continue in education beyond 16 years of age). Children have difficulties, there are likely to be many effects on their  development, although the extent to which children are affected will very much depend on the nature of their difficulty, its severity and how the child is supported. Short-term effects on development Frustration Anger Withdrawal Low levels of confidence Difficulties in making friends Difficulties in learning new information Difficulties in applying information to new situations Find it hard to make themselves understood The longer term developable consequences in children who have difficulties with their communication, speech and language are in some ways harder to predict but again, in general terms, we may find that children later on have: Lower self-esteem Not achieved their potential Found it hard to make and maintain relationships Become isolated Not reached independence Developed antisocial behavior in some cases. Explain the ways in which adults can effectively support and extend the speech, language and communication development of children during the early years. There are many ways in which adults can effectively support and extend speech, language and communication development in children during early years, Firstly, it is important for the adult to adapt language according to the child’s needs and abilities, some children who have English as a second language may require the adult to point to objects. For example when speaking to a baby or toddler they would simplify the sentences for them to understand where as the older the child gets the more hard sentences can begin to be used. For example to a 1 year old you may hold out a biscuit and say the word where as an older child you would say would you like a biscuit. Secondly; giving children the time and opportunity to communicate, it’s important to give children time to think about what has been said to them and if they don’t answer straight away and not answering for them, allowing them time to respond. Some children would require you to sound them all out but then you must get them to copy you and blend the sounds together whilst giving them time to process what you are telling them. Explain the relevant positive effects of adult support for the children and their careers. Positive adult support: Emotional development Speech, language and communication skills Social interaction Behavior Speech, language and communication skills Very quickly, if high-quality support is given, children can show progress in their speech, language and communication skills. This means that working with children can be very rewarding and parents often delight in the improvement that their children are showing. Social interaction At the heart of social interaction is children’s ability to communicate. This means that positive support can quickly make children more outgoing and also confident in their interactions. Many practitioners report that once children have more speech and language, they are able to play more easily with other children. Behavior Many children who are finding it difficult to communicate and speak will show aggressive, uncooperative and frustrated behavior. Being able to communicate effectively can make an enormous difference to children’s behavior. Parents also note that when they are spending more time communicating with their children, their children show less attention-seeking behavior. Emotional development Positive adult support also helps children’s emotional development. Not only do children become more confident, they also find through works ways of controlling their emotions and expressing their needs. Explain how levels of speech and language development vary between children entering early years provision and need to be taken into account during setting in and planning. Children of the same age will often have different levels of language. This clearly means that we need to identify children whose language is atypical in order that they can gain additional support, but we also need to think about how our practices and procedures support children. For children who do not have spoken language, either because of their age or because of an additional need. It is essential that time is taken for them to get to know their key person before any separation takes place. The key person also needs to find out from the child’s parents how they communicate  with the child and to learn these skills. Children who are speaking well and can understand us still need a similar level of care and attention, but they may find it easier to settle in as they can articulate their feelings. Grouping children Many group care settings will have moments when children are put into groups at lunchtime or for a story. It is important that thought is given to ensuring that children who have language needs are grouped sensitively and carefully so they have the opportunity to interact and be involved. Activities When activities and play opportunities are planned, children’s level of language needs to be considered. Certain activities require a high level of language and so may not be appropriate for a child whose language is still developing, for example ’20 questions’ or ‘I spy’. Language is also needed for role play and so it is important to think about whether children who want to join in role play need support. The ability to process language also means some activities which require children to listen need to be carefully thought about, particularly it there are no visual stimuli which will help children to work out the meaning.